Умовний спосіб: функційно-семантичний аспект

Abstract

(uk) Стаття присвячена функційно-семантичному аналізу грамеми умовного способу та з’ясуванню впливу контексту на формування модальних значень умовного способу дієслова на матеріалі української мови. Визначено, що інваріантне значення умовного способу полягає у вираженні гіпотетичної дії: ймовірної, можливої, бажаної, залежної від певних умов. Проаналізовано функціонування умовного способу дієслова в реченні, виділено дві основні групи його модальних значень: імовірності та оптативності.

(en) The article deals with functionally-semantic analysis of subjunctive grammeme and researches the influence of context on the forming of modal meanings of subjunctive form of the verb in Ukrainian language. The functioning of subjunctive in a sentence allows separating two main groups of its modal meanings: 1) probable (possible, likely); 2) probability-optative (desirable). It has been determined that the invariant meaning of subjunctive lies in expressing a hypothetical action: probable, possible, desirable, dependent on certain conditions. This condition primarily consists in the fact that alongside or prior to the action another action must take place. The meaning of probability as the main modal meaning of subjunctive in various contextual conditions acquires diverse modifications. Among the factors that form these conditions there is lexical meaning of stems of base verbs with би (б) submorpheme; presence of modal words, particles and other lexical units in the sentence; content and structure of syntax formations with the morphological form of subjunctive. Subjunctive has a number of varied meanings: probability of a hypothetical action, possibility of its realization at any given moment; subtle expression of order; prompting; encouragement; wishing with additional modal meanings. The interaction of subjunctive with other moods is expressed through its ability to present as a functional equivalent of a real action or transition, on one hand, in the direction of the microfield of imperative, on the other hand, into the sphere of other tense and mood forms. The usage of subjunctive mood in place of imperative, the interaction ofwhich expresses prompting, is virtually the only secondary function of subjunctive. The research of subjunctive mood of Ukrainian verb in its functional aspect promotes a holistic depiction of the morphological category of verb mood and interpretation of characteristic traits of modality category expression in Ukrainian language.