Когнітивна організація ірреальної модальності

Abstract

(uk) Висвітлено когнітивну організацію ірреальної модальності. Особливу увагу приділено морфологічній репрезентації цієї категорії, зокрема формам способу, що засвідчують у реченні-висловленні відношення дії до дійсності з погляду мовця. Визначено, що морфологічним маркером ірреальних інтенцій прогнозування, фантазування, зумовленої гіпотетичності є умовний спосіб дієслова, а маркерами інтенцій волевиявлення й бажання — імператив та оптатив, представлені різними формами наказового та умовного способів.

(en) The article deals with cognitive organization of unreal modality, which is represented in the language using morphological indications, including forms of grammatical mood, that signify relation of action and reality in statement sentences. It has been established that unreality is connected to modelling and nature of evaluation. Cognitive organization of unreal modality is linked to the understanding of the ‘model of the world’. Numerous worlds can exist in the consciousness of the speaker. Unreal modality is formed by two main cognitive situations. First situation corresponds to a cognitive event when the speaker models a variant of reality, not equivalent to the real state of things, but caused by them. Second situation has deeper cognitive roots, since it is related to creating a world that the speaker themselves evaluates as unreal. Both situations have a shared main parameter recognized by the speaker. A world based on natural, true to the speaker course of life is located in the sphere of real modality. A world which represents a model indirectly connected or not connected to the real world, parallel or overlapping with it, belongs to the sphere of unreal modality. Unreal modality originates back at the stage of cognitive procession of the statement in the process of realization of speech-thought space, and the decision of the subject of speech directs it into the sphere of real or unreal. The next organizing stage of unreal modality is the formation of the communicative intention. The main types of unreal intentions can be: forecast, fantasy, expression of conditional hypotheticity, wish, expression of w ill, which attribute the speaker to the unreal world. Differentiation between these intentions happens not only on the semantic, but also on the functionally-grammatical level and is distinguished using a system of special language structures, united into the class of the markers of unreality. The morphological marker of unreal intentions of forecast, fantasy, expression of conditional hypotheticity is the subjunctive mood of verb. The markers of intentions of expression of will and wish are the imperative and the optative, represented by various forms of the imperative and subjunctive mood.