Фонетичний принцип орфографії як фактор реформування правопису німецької мови

Abstract

(uk) У статті розглядається фонетичний принцип як основний принцип сучасної німецької орфографії. Аналізується зміна в розумінні цього принципу: відповідність звуку і букви; потреба в правилах написання, сучасне розуміння як принципу передачі алофонів на письмі. Вважається, що правопис німецької мови побудований на фонетичному принципі. Були проаналізовані пункти реформи правопису, пов’язані з його застосуванням. Їх виявилося небагато: відповідність голосних та приголосних звуків літерам; написання слів з -ss-, -ß-; написання адаптованих в мові іноземних слів.(en) In this paper phonetical orthographical principle as the main fundamental in the reformed orthography of German language spelling is examined. Written language does not copy oral speech, that’s why it has its own laws of development. Orthographical principle determines the choice of the only spelling, where there is the possibility of two or more different variants of spelling. Due to the reform of German language spelling attracted the attention of scientists and society in different countries. The spelling reform authorizes by the government, spontaneous period is characterized by the chaotic choice of character skeleton for the transmission of a sound. In such a way, private orthographies of authors, monasteries, printing plants appeared. Phonetical principle of letters was the most important during the period of grammatist-normalizationists, the following orthographical principles were proposed: pronunciation, the word-derivation, the common usage of the word. J. Grimm declared the traditional orthography. Different branches were tried to unite the first orthographical reform of 1901. In 30-s years of the 20th century with the appearance of phonology the phonetical principle was developed: one phoneme was suited by one orthographical skeleton. The approaches to the phonetical principle were changed. The scholars started to demand the rules of spelling according to this principle. Nowadays German scientists understand phonetical principle as the spelling according to one character skeleton for one allophone. According to German scientists the German language spelling based on phonetical principle because it has correlation of the sound and the letter as the words 100:112. Spelling according to phonetical principle during the reform of German language orthography has not many changes. The reform does not appeal to the phonological variants of sounds and graphical marking of long and short vowels. The spelling regulation of the letters -ss-, -ß-is due to the phonological principle. «Adapted words»in German language are written due to this principle.